开启计算机并导致其操作系统被加载的过程 叫引导. The name comes from an image of the computer pulling itself up from its bootstraps, but the act itself slightly more realistic. 启动过程中,计算机首先加载了一小段叫 bootstrap loader的程序,它依次加载和启动操作系统, bootstrap loader通常存储在硬盘或软盘的固定的位置. 这2步过程的理由是操作系统大而复杂,而计算机加载的第一段代码很小(几百字节),以免使固件不必要地复杂化.
LILO boot: Loading linux. Console: colour EGA+ 80x25, 8 virtual consoles Serial driver version 3.94 with no serial options enabled tty00 at 0x03f8 (irq = 4) is a 16450 tty01 at 0x02f8 (irq = 3) is a 16450 lp_init: lp1 exists (0), using polling driver Memory: 7332k/8192k available (300k kernel code, 384k reserved, 176k data) Floppy drive(s): fd0 is 1.44M, fd1 is 1.2M Loopback device init Warning WD8013 board not found at i/o = 280. Math coprocessor using irq13 error reporting. Partition check: hda: hda1 hda2 hda3 VFS: Mounted root (ext filesystem). Linux version 0.99.pl9-1 (root@haven) 05/01/93 14:12:20
如果系统只有你一个用户,使用shutdown 的通常方法是退出所有运行程序,从所有虚拟控制台注销,用root登录(如果你已经是root,当然不必再注销、登录,但应该换到根目录,以免由于unmount出现问题),然后运行命令shutdown -h now (虽然单用户时一般不必要,但如果需要一个延时,用一个加号加一个表示分钟的数目代替now)
(In case you're wondering: the reason for three syncs is that in the early days of UNIX, when the commands were typed separately, that usually gave sufficient time for most disk I/O to be finished.)
许多Linux distributions允许在安装时产生一张紧急引导盘emergency boot floppy。应该做。然而,有些这样的引导盘只包含核心,and assume you will be using the programs on the distribution's installation disks to fix whatever problem you have。有时这些程序是不够的:例如你可能需要回存你的备份,而备份/回存软件在Linux安装盘里没有。
因此,可能需要自己产生root盘。 Graham Chapman写的Bootdisk HOWTO([Cha]) 包含关于此的指导。当然,你必须记得使你的紧急引导盘和root盘最新。